# coding=utf-8 # # This file is part of Hypothesis, which may be found at # https://github.com/HypothesisWorks/hypothesis-python # # Most of this work is copyright (C) 2013-2018 David R. MacIver # (david@drmaciver.com), but it contains contributions by others. See # CONTRIBUTING.rst for a full list of people who may hold copyright, and # consult the git log if you need to determine who owns an individual # contribution. # # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License, # v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can # obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. # # END HEADER """This module provides support for a stateful style of testing, where tests attempt to find a sequence of operations that cause a breakage rather than just a single value. Notably, the set of steps available at any point may depend on the execution to date. """ from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import import inspect import traceback from unittest import TestCase import attr import hypothesis.internal.conjecture.utils as cu from hypothesis.core import find from hypothesis.errors import Flaky, NoSuchExample, InvalidDefinition, \ HypothesisException from hypothesis.control import BuildContext from hypothesis._settings import settings as Settings from hypothesis._settings import Verbosity from hypothesis.reporting import report, verbose_report, current_verbosity from hypothesis.strategies import just, lists, builds, one_of, runner, \ integers from hypothesis.vendor.pretty import CUnicodeIO, RepresentationPrinter from hypothesis.internal.reflection import proxies, nicerepr from hypothesis.internal.conjecture.data import StopTest from hypothesis.internal.conjecture.utils import integer_range from hypothesis.searchstrategy.strategies import SearchStrategy from hypothesis.searchstrategy.collections import TupleStrategy, \ FixedKeysDictStrategy class TestCaseProperty(object): # pragma: no cover def __get__(self, obj, typ=None): if obj is not None: typ = type(obj) return typ._to_test_case() def __set__(self, obj, value): raise AttributeError(u'Cannot set TestCase') def __delete__(self, obj): raise AttributeError(u'Cannot delete TestCase') def find_breaking_runner(state_machine_factory, settings=None): def is_breaking_run(runner): try: runner.run(state_machine_factory()) return False except HypothesisException: raise except Exception: verbose_report(traceback.format_exc) return True if settings is None: try: settings = state_machine_factory.TestCase.settings except AttributeError: settings = Settings.default search_strategy = StateMachineSearchStrategy(settings) return find( search_strategy, is_breaking_run, settings=settings, database_key=state_machine_factory.__name__.encode('utf-8') ) def run_state_machine_as_test(state_machine_factory, settings=None): """Run a state machine definition as a test, either silently doing nothing or printing a minimal breaking program and raising an exception. state_machine_factory is anything which returns an instance of GenericStateMachine when called with no arguments - it can be a class or a function. settings will be used to control the execution of the test. """ try: breaker = find_breaking_runner(state_machine_factory, settings) except NoSuchExample: return try: with BuildContext(None, is_final=True): breaker.run(state_machine_factory(), print_steps=True) except StopTest: pass raise Flaky( u'Run failed initially but succeeded on a second try' ) class GenericStateMachine(object): """A GenericStateMachine is the basic entry point into Hypothesis's approach to stateful testing. The intent is for it to be subclassed to provide state machine descriptions The way this is used is that Hypothesis will repeatedly execute something that looks something like:: x = MyStatemachineSubclass() x.check_invariants() try: for _ in range(n_steps): x.execute_step(x.steps().example()) x.check_invariants() finally: x.teardown() And if this ever produces an error it will shrink it down to a small sequence of example choices demonstrating that. """ def steps(self): """Return a SearchStrategy instance the defines the available next steps.""" raise NotImplementedError(u'%r.steps()' % (self,)) def execute_step(self, step): """Execute a step that has been previously drawn from self.steps()""" raise NotImplementedError(u'%r.execute_step()' % (self,)) def print_step(self, step): """Print a step to the current reporter. This is called right before a step is executed. """ self.step_count = getattr(self, u'step_count', 0) + 1 report(u'Step #%d: %s' % (self.step_count, nicerepr(step))) def teardown(self): """Called after a run has finished executing to clean up any necessary state. Does nothing by default """ pass def check_invariants(self): """Called after initializing and after executing each step.""" pass _test_case_cache = {} TestCase = TestCaseProperty() @classmethod def _to_test_case(state_machine_class): try: return state_machine_class._test_case_cache[state_machine_class] except KeyError: pass class StateMachineTestCase(TestCase): settings = Settings( min_satisfying_examples=1 ) # We define this outside of the class and assign it because you can't # assign attributes to instance method values in Python 2 def runTest(self): run_state_machine_as_test(state_machine_class) runTest.is_hypothesis_test = True StateMachineTestCase.runTest = runTest base_name = state_machine_class.__name__ StateMachineTestCase.__name__ = str( base_name + u'.TestCase' ) StateMachineTestCase.__qualname__ = str( getattr(state_machine_class, u'__qualname__', base_name) + u'.TestCase' ) state_machine_class._test_case_cache[state_machine_class] = ( StateMachineTestCase ) return StateMachineTestCase GenericStateMachine.find_breaking_runner = classmethod(find_breaking_runner) class StateMachineRunner(object): """A StateMachineRunner is a description of how to run a state machine. It contains values that it will use to shape the examples. """ def __init__(self, data, n_steps): self.data = data self.data.is_find = False self.n_steps = n_steps def run(self, state_machine, print_steps=None): if print_steps is None: print_steps = current_verbosity() >= Verbosity.debug self.data.hypothesis_runner = state_machine stopping_value = 1 - 1.0 / (1 + self.n_steps * 0.5) try: state_machine.check_invariants() steps = 0 while True: if steps >= self.n_steps: stopping_value = 0 self.data.start_example() if not cu.biased_coin(self.data, stopping_value): self.data.stop_example() break assert steps < self.n_steps value = self.data.draw(state_machine.steps()) steps += 1 if print_steps: state_machine.print_step(value) state_machine.execute_step(value) self.data.stop_example() state_machine.check_invariants() finally: state_machine.teardown() class StateMachineSearchStrategy(SearchStrategy): def __init__(self, settings=None): self.program_size = (settings or Settings.default).stateful_step_count def do_draw(self, data): return StateMachineRunner(data, self.program_size) @attr.s() class Rule(object): targets = attr.ib() function = attr.ib() arguments = attr.ib() precondition = attr.ib() self_strategy = runner() class Bundle(SearchStrategy): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name def do_draw(self, data): machine = data.draw(self_strategy) bundle = machine.bundle(self.name) if not bundle: data.mark_invalid() reference = bundle.pop() bundle.insert(integer_range(data, 0, len(bundle)), reference) return machine.names_to_values[reference.name] RULE_MARKER = u'hypothesis_stateful_rule' PRECONDITION_MARKER = u'hypothesis_stateful_precondition' INVARIANT_MARKER = u'hypothesis_stateful_invariant' def rule(targets=(), target=None, **kwargs): """Decorator for RuleBasedStateMachine. Any name present in target or targets will define where the end result of this function should go. If both are empty then the end result will be discarded. targets may either be a Bundle or the name of a Bundle. kwargs then define the arguments that will be passed to the function invocation. If their value is a Bundle then values that have previously been produced for that bundle will be provided, if they are anything else it will be turned into a strategy and values from that will be provided. """ if target is not None: targets += (target,) converted_targets = [] for t in targets: while isinstance(t, Bundle): t = t.name converted_targets.append(t) def accept(f): existing_rule = getattr(f, RULE_MARKER, None) if existing_rule is not None: raise InvalidDefinition( 'A function cannot be used for two distinct rules. ', Settings.default, ) precondition = getattr(f, PRECONDITION_MARKER, None) rule = Rule(targets=tuple(converted_targets), arguments=kwargs, function=f, precondition=precondition) @proxies(f) def rule_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return f(*args, **kwargs) setattr(rule_wrapper, RULE_MARKER, rule) return rule_wrapper return accept @attr.s() class VarReference(object): name = attr.ib() def precondition(precond): """Decorator to apply a precondition for rules in a RuleBasedStateMachine. Specifies a precondition for a rule to be considered as a valid step in the state machine. The given function will be called with the instance of RuleBasedStateMachine and should return True or False. Usually it will need to look at attributes on that instance. For example:: class MyTestMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine): state = 1 @precondition(lambda self: self.state != 0) @rule(numerator=integers()) def divide_with(self, numerator): self.state = numerator / self.state This is better than using assume in your rule since more valid rules should be able to be run. """ def decorator(f): @proxies(f) def precondition_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return f(*args, **kwargs) rule = getattr(f, RULE_MARKER, None) if rule is None: setattr(precondition_wrapper, PRECONDITION_MARKER, precond) else: new_rule = Rule(targets=rule.targets, arguments=rule.arguments, function=rule.function, precondition=precond) setattr(precondition_wrapper, RULE_MARKER, new_rule) invariant = getattr(f, INVARIANT_MARKER, None) if invariant is not None: new_invariant = Invariant(function=invariant.function, precondition=precond) setattr(precondition_wrapper, INVARIANT_MARKER, new_invariant) return precondition_wrapper return decorator @attr.s() class Invariant(object): function = attr.ib() precondition = attr.ib() def invariant(): """Decorator to apply an invariant for rules in a RuleBasedStateMachine. The decorated function will be run after every rule and can raise an exception to indicate failed invariants. For example:: class MyTestMachine(RuleBasedStateMachine): state = 1 @invariant() def is_nonzero(self): assert self.state != 0 """ def accept(f): existing_invariant = getattr(f, INVARIANT_MARKER, None) if existing_invariant is not None: raise InvalidDefinition( 'A function cannot be used for two distinct invariants.', Settings.default, ) precondition = getattr(f, PRECONDITION_MARKER, None) rule = Invariant(function=f, precondition=precondition) @proxies(f) def invariant_wrapper(*args, **kwargs): return f(*args, **kwargs) setattr(invariant_wrapper, INVARIANT_MARKER, rule) return invariant_wrapper return accept @attr.s() class ShuffleBundle(object): bundle = attr.ib() swaps = attr.ib() class RuleBasedStateMachine(GenericStateMachine): """A RuleBasedStateMachine gives you a more structured way to define state machines. The idea is that a state machine carries a bunch of types of data divided into Bundles, and has a set of rules which may read data from bundles (or just from normal strategies) and push data onto bundles. At any given point a random applicable rule will be executed. """ _rules_per_class = {} _invariants_per_class = {} _base_rules_per_class = {} def __init__(self): if not self.rules(): raise InvalidDefinition(u'Type %s defines no rules' % ( type(self).__name__, )) self.bundles = {} self.name_counter = 1 self.names_to_values = {} self.__stream = CUnicodeIO() self.__printer = RepresentationPrinter(self.__stream) def __pretty(self, value): self.__stream.seek(0) self.__stream.truncate(0) self.__printer.output_width = 0 self.__printer.buffer_width = 0 self.__printer.buffer.clear() self.__printer.pretty(value) self.__printer.flush() return self.__stream.getvalue() def __repr__(self): return u'%s(%s)' % ( type(self).__name__, nicerepr(self.bundles), ) def upcoming_name(self): return u'v%d' % (self.name_counter,) def new_name(self): result = self.upcoming_name() self.name_counter += 1 return result def bundle(self, name): return self.bundles.setdefault(name, []) @classmethod def rules(cls): try: return cls._rules_per_class[cls] except KeyError: pass for k, v in inspect.getmembers(cls): r = getattr(v, RULE_MARKER, None) if r is not None: cls.define_rule( r.targets, r.function, r.arguments, r.precondition, ) cls._rules_per_class[cls] = cls._base_rules_per_class.pop(cls, []) return cls._rules_per_class[cls] @classmethod def invariants(cls): try: return cls._invariants_per_class[cls] except KeyError: pass target = [] for k, v in inspect.getmembers(cls): i = getattr(v, INVARIANT_MARKER, None) if i is not None: target.append(i) cls._invariants_per_class[cls] = target return cls._invariants_per_class[cls] @classmethod def define_rule(cls, targets, function, arguments, precondition=None): converted_arguments = {} for k, v in arguments.items(): converted_arguments[k] = v if cls in cls._rules_per_class: target = cls._rules_per_class[cls] else: target = cls._base_rules_per_class.setdefault(cls, []) return target.append( Rule( targets, function, converted_arguments, precondition, ) ) def steps(self): strategies = [] for rule in self.rules(): converted_arguments = {} valid = True if rule.precondition and not rule.precondition(self): continue for k, v in sorted(rule.arguments.items()): if isinstance(v, Bundle): bundle = self.bundle(v.name) if not bundle: valid = False break converted_arguments[k] = v if valid: strategies.append(TupleStrategy(( just(rule), FixedKeysDictStrategy(converted_arguments) ), tuple)) if not strategies: raise InvalidDefinition( u'No progress can be made from state %r' % (self,) ) for name, bundle in self.bundles.items(): if len(bundle) > 1: strategies.append( builds( ShuffleBundle, just(name), lists(integers(0, len(bundle) - 1)))) return one_of(strategies) def print_step(self, step): if isinstance(step, ShuffleBundle): return rule, data = step data_repr = {} for k, v in data.items(): data_repr[k] = self.__pretty(v) self.step_count = getattr(self, u'step_count', 0) + 1 report(u'Step #%d: %s%s(%s)' % ( self.step_count, u'%s = ' % (self.upcoming_name(),) if rule.targets else u'', rule.function.__name__, u', '.join(u'%s=%s' % kv for kv in data_repr.items()) )) def execute_step(self, step): if isinstance(step, ShuffleBundle): bundle = self.bundle(step.bundle) for i in step.swaps: bundle.insert(i, bundle.pop()) return rule, data = step data = dict(data) result = rule.function(self, **data) if rule.targets: name = self.new_name() self.names_to_values[name] = result self.__printer.singleton_pprinters.setdefault( id(result), lambda obj, p, cycle: p.text(name), ) for target in rule.targets: self.bundle(target).append(VarReference(name)) def check_invariants(self): for invar in self.invariants(): if invar.precondition and not invar.precondition(self): continue invar.function(self)