manyi/venv/Lib/site-packages/pandas/tests/test_panel.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# pylint: disable=W0612,E1101

from datetime import datetime
import operator
from warnings import catch_warnings, simplefilter

import numpy as np
import pytest

from pandas.compat import OrderedDict, StringIO, lrange, range, signature
import pandas.util._test_decorators as td

from pandas.core.dtypes.common import is_float_dtype

from pandas import (
    DataFrame, Index, MultiIndex, Series, compat, date_range, isna, notna)
from pandas.core.nanops import nanall, nanany
import pandas.core.panel as panelm
from pandas.core.panel import Panel
import pandas.util.testing as tm
from pandas.util.testing import (
    assert_almost_equal, assert_frame_equal, assert_panel_equal,
    assert_series_equal, ensure_clean, makeCustomDataframe as mkdf,
    makeMixedDataFrame)

from pandas.io.formats.printing import pprint_thing
from pandas.tseries.offsets import BDay, MonthEnd


def make_test_panel():
    with catch_warnings(record=True):
        simplefilter("ignore", FutureWarning)
        _panel = tm.makePanel()
        tm.add_nans(_panel)
        _panel = _panel.copy()
    return _panel


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:\\nPanel:FutureWarning")
class PanelTests(object):
    panel = None

    def test_pickle(self):
        unpickled = tm.round_trip_pickle(self.panel)
        assert_frame_equal(unpickled['ItemA'], self.panel['ItemA'])

    def test_rank(self):
        pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, lambda: self.panel.rank())

    def test_cumsum(self):
        cumsum = self.panel.cumsum()
        assert_frame_equal(cumsum['ItemA'], self.panel['ItemA'].cumsum())

    def not_hashable(self):
        c_empty = Panel()
        c = Panel(Panel([[[1]]]))
        pytest.raises(TypeError, hash, c_empty)
        pytest.raises(TypeError, hash, c)


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:\\nPanel:FutureWarning")
class SafeForLongAndSparse(object):

    def test_repr(self):
        repr(self.panel)

    def test_copy_names(self):
        for attr in ('major_axis', 'minor_axis'):
            getattr(self.panel, attr).name = None
            cp = self.panel.copy()
            getattr(cp, attr).name = 'foo'
            assert getattr(self.panel, attr).name is None

    def test_iter(self):
        tm.equalContents(list(self.panel), self.panel.items)

    def test_count(self):
        f = lambda s: notna(s).sum()
        self._check_stat_op('count', f, obj=self.panel, has_skipna=False)

    def test_sum(self):
        self._check_stat_op('sum', np.sum, skipna_alternative=np.nansum)

    def test_mean(self):
        self._check_stat_op('mean', np.mean)

    def test_prod(self):
        self._check_stat_op('prod', np.prod, skipna_alternative=np.nanprod)

    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Invalid value:RuntimeWarning")
    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:All-NaN:RuntimeWarning")
    def test_median(self):
        def wrapper(x):
            if isna(x).any():
                return np.nan
            return np.median(x)

        self._check_stat_op('median', wrapper)

    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Invalid value:RuntimeWarning")
    def test_min(self):
        self._check_stat_op('min', np.min)

    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Invalid value:RuntimeWarning")
    def test_max(self):
        self._check_stat_op('max', np.max)

    @td.skip_if_no_scipy
    def test_skew(self):
        from scipy.stats import skew

        def this_skew(x):
            if len(x) < 3:
                return np.nan
            return skew(x, bias=False)

        self._check_stat_op('skew', this_skew)

    def test_var(self):
        def alt(x):
            if len(x) < 2:
                return np.nan
            return np.var(x, ddof=1)

        self._check_stat_op('var', alt)

    def test_std(self):
        def alt(x):
            if len(x) < 2:
                return np.nan
            return np.std(x, ddof=1)

        self._check_stat_op('std', alt)

    def test_sem(self):
        def alt(x):
            if len(x) < 2:
                return np.nan
            return np.std(x, ddof=1) / np.sqrt(len(x))

        self._check_stat_op('sem', alt)

    def _check_stat_op(self, name, alternative, obj=None, has_skipna=True,
                       skipna_alternative=None):
        if obj is None:
            obj = self.panel

            # # set some NAs
            # obj.loc[5:10] = np.nan
            # obj.loc[15:20, -2:] = np.nan

        f = getattr(obj, name)

        if has_skipna:

            skipna_wrapper = tm._make_skipna_wrapper(alternative,
                                                     skipna_alternative)

            def wrapper(x):
                return alternative(np.asarray(x))

            for i in range(obj.ndim):
                result = f(axis=i, skipna=False)
                assert_frame_equal(result, obj.apply(wrapper, axis=i))
        else:
            skipna_wrapper = alternative
            wrapper = alternative

        for i in range(obj.ndim):
            result = f(axis=i)
            if name in ['sum', 'prod']:
                assert_frame_equal(result, obj.apply(skipna_wrapper, axis=i))

        pytest.raises(Exception, f, axis=obj.ndim)

        # Unimplemented numeric_only parameter.
        if 'numeric_only' in signature(f).args:
            with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=name):
                f(numeric_only=True)


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:\\nPanel:FutureWarning")
class SafeForSparse(object):

    def test_get_axis(self):
        assert (self.panel._get_axis(0) is self.panel.items)
        assert (self.panel._get_axis(1) is self.panel.major_axis)
        assert (self.panel._get_axis(2) is self.panel.minor_axis)

    def test_set_axis(self):
        new_items = Index(np.arange(len(self.panel.items)))
        new_major = Index(np.arange(len(self.panel.major_axis)))
        new_minor = Index(np.arange(len(self.panel.minor_axis)))

        # ensure propagate to potentially prior-cached items too
        item = self.panel['ItemA']
        self.panel.items = new_items

        if hasattr(self.panel, '_item_cache'):
            assert 'ItemA' not in self.panel._item_cache
        assert self.panel.items is new_items

        # TODO: unused?
        item = self.panel[0]  # noqa

        self.panel.major_axis = new_major
        assert self.panel[0].index is new_major
        assert self.panel.major_axis is new_major

        # TODO: unused?
        item = self.panel[0]  # noqa

        self.panel.minor_axis = new_minor
        assert self.panel[0].columns is new_minor
        assert self.panel.minor_axis is new_minor

    def test_get_axis_number(self):
        assert self.panel._get_axis_number('items') == 0
        assert self.panel._get_axis_number('major') == 1
        assert self.panel._get_axis_number('minor') == 2

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No axis named foo"):
            self.panel._get_axis_number('foo')

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No axis named foo"):
            self.panel.__ge__(self.panel, axis='foo')

    def test_get_axis_name(self):
        assert self.panel._get_axis_name(0) == 'items'
        assert self.panel._get_axis_name(1) == 'major_axis'
        assert self.panel._get_axis_name(2) == 'minor_axis'

    def test_get_plane_axes(self):
        # what to do here?

        index, columns = self.panel._get_plane_axes('items')
        index, columns = self.panel._get_plane_axes('major_axis')
        index, columns = self.panel._get_plane_axes('minor_axis')
        index, columns = self.panel._get_plane_axes(0)

    def test_truncate(self):
        dates = self.panel.major_axis
        start, end = dates[1], dates[5]

        trunced = self.panel.truncate(start, end, axis='major')
        expected = self.panel['ItemA'].truncate(start, end)

        assert_frame_equal(trunced['ItemA'], expected)

        trunced = self.panel.truncate(before=start, axis='major')
        expected = self.panel['ItemA'].truncate(before=start)

        assert_frame_equal(trunced['ItemA'], expected)

        trunced = self.panel.truncate(after=end, axis='major')
        expected = self.panel['ItemA'].truncate(after=end)

        assert_frame_equal(trunced['ItemA'], expected)

    def test_arith(self):
        self._test_op(self.panel, operator.add)
        self._test_op(self.panel, operator.sub)
        self._test_op(self.panel, operator.mul)
        self._test_op(self.panel, operator.truediv)
        self._test_op(self.panel, operator.floordiv)
        self._test_op(self.panel, operator.pow)

        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: y + x)
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: y - x)
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: y * x)
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: y / x)
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: y ** x)

        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: x + y)  # panel + 1
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: x - y)  # panel - 1
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: x * y)  # panel * 1
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: x / y)  # panel / 1
        self._test_op(self.panel, lambda x, y: x ** y)  # panel ** 1

        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.__add__,
                      self.panel['ItemA'])

    @staticmethod
    def _test_op(panel, op):
        result = op(panel, 1)
        assert_frame_equal(result['ItemA'], op(panel['ItemA'], 1))

    def test_keys(self):
        tm.equalContents(list(self.panel.keys()), self.panel.items)

    def test_iteritems(self):
        # Test panel.iteritems(), aka panel.iteritems()
        # just test that it works
        for k, v in self.panel.iteritems():
            pass

        assert len(list(self.panel.iteritems())) == len(self.panel.items)

    def test_combineFrame(self):
        def check_op(op, name):
            # items
            df = self.panel['ItemA']

            func = getattr(self.panel, name)

            result = func(df, axis='items')

            assert_frame_equal(
                result['ItemB'], op(self.panel['ItemB'], df))

            # major
            xs = self.panel.major_xs(self.panel.major_axis[0])
            result = func(xs, axis='major')

            idx = self.panel.major_axis[1]

            assert_frame_equal(result.major_xs(idx),
                               op(self.panel.major_xs(idx), xs))

            # minor
            xs = self.panel.minor_xs(self.panel.minor_axis[0])
            result = func(xs, axis='minor')

            idx = self.panel.minor_axis[1]

            assert_frame_equal(result.minor_xs(idx),
                               op(self.panel.minor_xs(idx), xs))

        ops = ['add', 'sub', 'mul', 'truediv', 'floordiv', 'pow', 'mod']
        if not compat.PY3:
            ops.append('div')

        for op in ops:
            try:
                check_op(getattr(operator, op), op)
            except AttributeError:
                pprint_thing("Failing operation: %r" % op)
                raise
        if compat.PY3:
            try:
                check_op(operator.truediv, 'div')
            except AttributeError:
                pprint_thing("Failing operation: %r" % 'div')
                raise

    def test_combinePanel(self):
        result = self.panel.add(self.panel)
        assert_panel_equal(result, self.panel * 2)

    def test_neg(self):
        assert_panel_equal(-self.panel, self.panel * -1)

    # issue 7692
    def test_raise_when_not_implemented(self):
        p = Panel(np.arange(3 * 4 * 5).reshape(3, 4, 5),
                  items=['ItemA', 'ItemB', 'ItemC'],
                  major_axis=date_range('20130101', periods=4),
                  minor_axis=list('ABCDE'))
        d = p.sum(axis=1).iloc[0]
        ops = ['add', 'sub', 'mul', 'truediv',
               'floordiv', 'div', 'mod', 'pow']
        for op in ops:
            with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
                getattr(p, op)(d, axis=0)

    def test_select(self):
        p = self.panel

        # select items
        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, check_stacklevel=False):
            result = p.select(lambda x: x in ('ItemA', 'ItemC'), axis='items')
        expected = p.reindex(items=['ItemA', 'ItemC'])
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # select major_axis
        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, check_stacklevel=False):
            result = p.select(lambda x: x >= datetime(
                2000, 1, 15), axis='major')
        new_major = p.major_axis[p.major_axis >= datetime(2000, 1, 15)]
        expected = p.reindex(major=new_major)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # select minor_axis
        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, check_stacklevel=False):
            result = p.select(lambda x: x in ('D', 'A'), axis=2)
        expected = p.reindex(minor=['A', 'D'])
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # corner case, empty thing
        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, check_stacklevel=False):
            result = p.select(lambda x: x in ('foo', ), axis='items')
        assert_panel_equal(result, p.reindex(items=[]))

    def test_get_value(self):
        for item in self.panel.items:
            for mjr in self.panel.major_axis[::2]:
                for mnr in self.panel.minor_axis:
                    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning,
                                                    check_stacklevel=False):
                        result = self.panel.get_value(item, mjr, mnr)
                    expected = self.panel[item][mnr][mjr]
                    assert_almost_equal(result, expected)

    def test_abs(self):

        result = self.panel.abs()
        result2 = abs(self.panel)
        expected = np.abs(self.panel)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        assert_panel_equal(result2, expected)

        df = self.panel['ItemA']
        result = df.abs()
        result2 = abs(df)
        expected = np.abs(df)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
        assert_frame_equal(result2, expected)

        s = df['A']
        result = s.abs()
        result2 = abs(s)
        expected = np.abs(s)
        assert_series_equal(result, expected)
        assert_series_equal(result2, expected)
        assert result.name == 'A'
        assert result2.name == 'A'


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:\\nPanel:FutureWarning")
class CheckIndexing(object):

    def test_getitem(self):
        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.__getitem__, 'ItemQ')

    def test_delitem_and_pop(self):
        expected = self.panel['ItemA']
        result = self.panel.pop('ItemA')
        assert_frame_equal(expected, result)
        assert 'ItemA' not in self.panel.items

        del self.panel['ItemB']
        assert 'ItemB' not in self.panel.items
        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.__delitem__, 'ItemB')

        values = np.empty((3, 3, 3))
        values[0] = 0
        values[1] = 1
        values[2] = 2

        panel = Panel(values, lrange(3), lrange(3), lrange(3))

        # did we delete the right row?

        panelc = panel.copy()
        del panelc[0]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(panelc[1], panel[1])
        tm.assert_frame_equal(panelc[2], panel[2])

        panelc = panel.copy()
        del panelc[1]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(panelc[0], panel[0])
        tm.assert_frame_equal(panelc[2], panel[2])

        panelc = panel.copy()
        del panelc[2]
        tm.assert_frame_equal(panelc[1], panel[1])
        tm.assert_frame_equal(panelc[0], panel[0])

    def test_setitem(self):
        lp = self.panel.filter(['ItemA', 'ItemB']).to_frame()

        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            self.panel['ItemE'] = lp

        # DataFrame
        df = self.panel['ItemA'][2:].filter(items=['A', 'B'])
        self.panel['ItemF'] = df
        self.panel['ItemE'] = df

        df2 = self.panel['ItemF']

        assert_frame_equal(df, df2.reindex(
            index=df.index, columns=df.columns))

        # scalar
        self.panel['ItemG'] = 1
        self.panel['ItemE'] = True
        assert self.panel['ItemG'].values.dtype == np.int64
        assert self.panel['ItemE'].values.dtype == np.bool_

        # object dtype
        self.panel['ItemQ'] = 'foo'
        assert self.panel['ItemQ'].values.dtype == np.object_

        # boolean dtype
        self.panel['ItemP'] = self.panel['ItemA'] > 0
        assert self.panel['ItemP'].values.dtype == np.bool_

        pytest.raises(TypeError, self.panel.__setitem__, 'foo',
                      self.panel.loc[['ItemP']])

        # bad shape
        p = Panel(np.random.randn(4, 3, 2))
        msg = (r"shape of value must be \(3, 2\), "
               r"shape of given object was \(4, 2\)")
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            p[0] = np.random.randn(4, 2)

    def test_setitem_ndarray(self):
        timeidx = date_range(start=datetime(2009, 1, 1),
                             end=datetime(2009, 12, 31),
                             freq=MonthEnd())
        lons_coarse = np.linspace(-177.5, 177.5, 72)
        lats_coarse = np.linspace(-87.5, 87.5, 36)
        P = Panel(items=timeidx, major_axis=lons_coarse,
                  minor_axis=lats_coarse)
        data = np.random.randn(72 * 36).reshape((72, 36))
        key = datetime(2009, 2, 28)
        P[key] = data

        assert_almost_equal(P[key].values, data)

    def test_set_minor_major(self):
        # GH 11014
        df1 = DataFrame(['a', 'a', 'a', np.nan, 'a', np.nan])
        df2 = DataFrame([1.0, np.nan, 1.0, np.nan, 1.0, 1.0])
        panel = Panel({'Item1': df1, 'Item2': df2})

        newminor = notna(panel.iloc[:, :, 0])
        panel.loc[:, :, 'NewMinor'] = newminor
        assert_frame_equal(panel.loc[:, :, 'NewMinor'],
                           newminor.astype(object))

        newmajor = notna(panel.iloc[:, 0, :])
        panel.loc[:, 'NewMajor', :] = newmajor
        assert_frame_equal(panel.loc[:, 'NewMajor', :],
                           newmajor.astype(object))

    def test_major_xs(self):
        ref = self.panel['ItemA']

        idx = self.panel.major_axis[5]
        xs = self.panel.major_xs(idx)

        result = xs['ItemA']
        assert_series_equal(result, ref.xs(idx), check_names=False)
        assert result.name == 'ItemA'

        # not contained
        idx = self.panel.major_axis[0] - BDay()
        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.major_xs, idx)

    def test_major_xs_mixed(self):
        self.panel['ItemD'] = 'foo'
        xs = self.panel.major_xs(self.panel.major_axis[0])
        assert xs['ItemA'].dtype == np.float64
        assert xs['ItemD'].dtype == np.object_

    def test_minor_xs(self):
        ref = self.panel['ItemA']

        idx = self.panel.minor_axis[1]
        xs = self.panel.minor_xs(idx)

        assert_series_equal(xs['ItemA'], ref[idx], check_names=False)

        # not contained
        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.minor_xs, 'E')

    def test_minor_xs_mixed(self):
        self.panel['ItemD'] = 'foo'

        xs = self.panel.minor_xs('D')
        assert xs['ItemA'].dtype == np.float64
        assert xs['ItemD'].dtype == np.object_

    def test_xs(self):
        itemA = self.panel.xs('ItemA', axis=0)
        expected = self.panel['ItemA']
        tm.assert_frame_equal(itemA, expected)

        # Get a view by default.
        itemA_view = self.panel.xs('ItemA', axis=0)
        itemA_view.values[:] = np.nan

        assert np.isnan(self.panel['ItemA'].values).all()

        # Mixed-type yields a copy.
        self.panel['strings'] = 'foo'
        result = self.panel.xs('D', axis=2)
        assert result._is_copy is not None

    def test_getitem_fancy_labels(self):
        p = self.panel

        items = p.items[[1, 0]]
        dates = p.major_axis[::2]
        cols = ['D', 'C', 'F']

        # all 3 specified
        with catch_warnings():
            simplefilter("ignore", FutureWarning)
            # XXX: warning in _validate_read_indexer
            assert_panel_equal(p.loc[items, dates, cols],
                               p.reindex(items=items, major=dates, minor=cols))

            # 2 specified
            assert_panel_equal(p.loc[:, dates, cols],
                               p.reindex(major=dates, minor=cols))

            assert_panel_equal(p.loc[items, :, cols],
                               p.reindex(items=items, minor=cols))

            assert_panel_equal(p.loc[items, dates, :],
                               p.reindex(items=items, major=dates))

            # only 1
            assert_panel_equal(p.loc[items, :, :], p.reindex(items=items))

            assert_panel_equal(p.loc[:, dates, :], p.reindex(major=dates))

            assert_panel_equal(p.loc[:, :, cols], p.reindex(minor=cols))

    def test_getitem_fancy_slice(self):
        pass

    def test_getitem_fancy_ints(self):
        p = self.panel

        # #1603
        result = p.iloc[:, -1, :]
        expected = p.loc[:, p.major_axis[-1], :]
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_getitem_fancy_xs(self):
        p = self.panel
        item = 'ItemB'

        date = p.major_axis[5]
        col = 'C'

        # get DataFrame
        # item
        assert_frame_equal(p.loc[item], p[item])
        assert_frame_equal(p.loc[item, :], p[item])
        assert_frame_equal(p.loc[item, :, :], p[item])

        # major axis, axis=1
        assert_frame_equal(p.loc[:, date], p.major_xs(date))
        assert_frame_equal(p.loc[:, date, :], p.major_xs(date))

        # minor axis, axis=2
        assert_frame_equal(p.loc[:, :, 'C'], p.minor_xs('C'))

        # get Series
        assert_series_equal(p.loc[item, date], p[item].loc[date])
        assert_series_equal(p.loc[item, date, :], p[item].loc[date])
        assert_series_equal(p.loc[item, :, col], p[item][col])
        assert_series_equal(p.loc[:, date, col], p.major_xs(date).loc[col])

    def test_getitem_fancy_xs_check_view(self):
        item = 'ItemB'
        date = self.panel.major_axis[5]

        # make sure it's always a view
        NS = slice(None, None)

        # DataFrames
        comp = assert_frame_equal
        self._check_view(item, comp)
        self._check_view((item, NS), comp)
        self._check_view((item, NS, NS), comp)
        self._check_view((NS, date), comp)
        self._check_view((NS, date, NS), comp)
        self._check_view((NS, NS, 'C'), comp)

        # Series
        comp = assert_series_equal
        self._check_view((item, date), comp)
        self._check_view((item, date, NS), comp)
        self._check_view((item, NS, 'C'), comp)
        self._check_view((NS, date, 'C'), comp)

    def test_getitem_callable(self):
        p = self.panel
        # GH 12533

        assert_frame_equal(p[lambda x: 'ItemB'], p.loc['ItemB'])
        assert_panel_equal(p[lambda x: ['ItemB', 'ItemC']],
                           p.loc[['ItemB', 'ItemC']])

    def test_ix_setitem_slice_dataframe(self):
        a = Panel(items=[1, 2, 3], major_axis=[11, 22, 33],
                  minor_axis=[111, 222, 333])
        b = DataFrame(np.random.randn(2, 3), index=[111, 333],
                      columns=[1, 2, 3])

        a.loc[:, 22, [111, 333]] = b

        assert_frame_equal(a.loc[:, 22, [111, 333]], b)

    def test_ix_align(self):
        from pandas import Series
        b = Series(np.random.randn(10), name=0)
        b.sort_values()
        df_orig = Panel(np.random.randn(3, 10, 2))
        df = df_orig.copy()

        df.loc[0, :, 0] = b
        assert_series_equal(df.loc[0, :, 0].reindex(b.index), b)

        df = df_orig.swapaxes(0, 1)
        df.loc[:, 0, 0] = b
        assert_series_equal(df.loc[:, 0, 0].reindex(b.index), b)

        df = df_orig.swapaxes(1, 2)
        df.loc[0, 0, :] = b
        assert_series_equal(df.loc[0, 0, :].reindex(b.index), b)

    def test_ix_frame_align(self):
        p_orig = tm.makePanel()
        df = p_orig.iloc[0].copy()
        assert_frame_equal(p_orig['ItemA'], df)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p.iloc[0, :, :] = df
        assert_panel_equal(p, p_orig)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p.iloc[0] = df
        assert_panel_equal(p, p_orig)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p.iloc[0, :, :] = df
        assert_panel_equal(p, p_orig)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p.iloc[0] = df
        assert_panel_equal(p, p_orig)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p.loc['ItemA'] = df
        assert_panel_equal(p, p_orig)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p.loc['ItemA', :, :] = df
        assert_panel_equal(p, p_orig)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p['ItemA'] = df
        assert_panel_equal(p, p_orig)

        p = p_orig.copy()
        p.iloc[0, [0, 1, 3, 5], -2:] = df
        out = p.iloc[0, [0, 1, 3, 5], -2:]
        assert_frame_equal(out, df.iloc[[0, 1, 3, 5], [2, 3]])

        # GH3830, panel assignent by values/frame
        for dtype in ['float64', 'int64']:

            panel = Panel(np.arange(40).reshape((2, 4, 5)),
                          items=['a1', 'a2'], dtype=dtype)
            df1 = panel.iloc[0]
            df2 = panel.iloc[1]

            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a1'], df1)
            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a2'], df2)

            # Assignment by Value Passes for 'a2'
            panel.loc['a2'] = df1.values
            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a1'], df1)
            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a2'], df1)

            # Assignment by DataFrame Ok w/o loc 'a2'
            panel['a2'] = df2
            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a1'], df1)
            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a2'], df2)

            # Assignment by DataFrame Fails for 'a2'
            panel.loc['a2'] = df2
            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a1'], df1)
            tm.assert_frame_equal(panel.loc['a2'], df2)

    def _check_view(self, indexer, comp):
        cp = self.panel.copy()
        obj = cp.loc[indexer]
        obj.values[:] = 0
        assert (obj.values == 0).all()
        comp(cp.loc[indexer].reindex_like(obj), obj)

    def test_logical_with_nas(self):
        d = Panel({'ItemA': {'a': [np.nan, False]},
                   'ItemB': {'a': [True, True]}})

        result = d['ItemA'] | d['ItemB']
        expected = DataFrame({'a': [np.nan, True]})
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        # this is autodowncasted here
        result = d['ItemA'].fillna(False) | d['ItemB']
        expected = DataFrame({'a': [True, True]})
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_neg(self):
        assert_panel_equal(-self.panel, -1 * self.panel)

    def test_invert(self):
        assert_panel_equal(-(self.panel < 0), ~(self.panel < 0))

    def test_comparisons(self):
        p1 = tm.makePanel()
        p2 = tm.makePanel()

        tp = p1.reindex(items=p1.items + ['foo'])
        df = p1[p1.items[0]]

        def test_comp(func):

            # versus same index
            result = func(p1, p2)
            tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result.values,
                                        func(p1.values, p2.values))

            # versus non-indexed same objs
            pytest.raises(Exception, func, p1, tp)

            # versus different objs
            pytest.raises(Exception, func, p1, df)

            # versus scalar
            result3 = func(self.panel, 0)
            tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result3.values,
                                        func(self.panel.values, 0))

        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
            test_comp(operator.eq)
            test_comp(operator.ne)
            test_comp(operator.lt)
            test_comp(operator.gt)
            test_comp(operator.ge)
            test_comp(operator.le)

    def test_get_value(self):
        for item in self.panel.items:
            for mjr in self.panel.major_axis[::2]:
                for mnr in self.panel.minor_axis:
                    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning,
                                                    check_stacklevel=False):
                        result = self.panel.get_value(item, mjr, mnr)
                    expected = self.panel[item][mnr][mjr]
                    assert_almost_equal(result, expected)
        with catch_warnings():
            simplefilter("ignore", FutureWarning)
            msg = "There must be an argument for each axis"
            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                self.panel.get_value('a')

    def test_set_value(self):
        for item in self.panel.items:
            for mjr in self.panel.major_axis[::2]:
                for mnr in self.panel.minor_axis:
                    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning,
                                                    check_stacklevel=False):
                        self.panel.set_value(item, mjr, mnr, 1.)
                    tm.assert_almost_equal(self.panel[item][mnr][mjr], 1.)

        # resize
        with catch_warnings():
            simplefilter("ignore", FutureWarning)
            res = self.panel.set_value('ItemE', 'foo', 'bar', 1.5)
            assert isinstance(res, Panel)
            assert res is not self.panel
            assert res.get_value('ItemE', 'foo', 'bar') == 1.5

            res3 = self.panel.set_value('ItemE', 'foobar', 'baz', 5)
            assert is_float_dtype(res3['ItemE'].values)

            msg = ("There must be an argument for each "
                   "axis plus the value provided")
            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
                self.panel.set_value('a')


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:\\nPanel:FutureWarning")
class TestPanel(PanelTests, CheckIndexing, SafeForLongAndSparse,
                SafeForSparse):

    def setup_method(self, method):
        self.panel = make_test_panel()
        self.panel.major_axis.name = None
        self.panel.minor_axis.name = None
        self.panel.items.name = None

    def test_constructor(self):
        # with BlockManager
        wp = Panel(self.panel._data)
        assert wp._data is self.panel._data

        wp = Panel(self.panel._data, copy=True)
        assert wp._data is not self.panel._data
        tm.assert_panel_equal(wp, self.panel)

        # strings handled prop
        wp = Panel([[['foo', 'foo', 'foo', ], ['foo', 'foo', 'foo']]])
        assert wp.values.dtype == np.object_

        vals = self.panel.values

        # no copy
        wp = Panel(vals)
        assert wp.values is vals

        # copy
        wp = Panel(vals, copy=True)
        assert wp.values is not vals

        # GH #8285, test when scalar data is used to construct a Panel
        # if dtype is not passed, it should be inferred
        value_and_dtype = [(1, 'int64'), (3.14, 'float64'),
                           ('foo', np.object_)]
        for (val, dtype) in value_and_dtype:
            wp = Panel(val, items=range(2), major_axis=range(3),
                       minor_axis=range(4))
            vals = np.empty((2, 3, 4), dtype=dtype)
            vals.fill(val)

            tm.assert_panel_equal(wp, Panel(vals, dtype=dtype))

        # test the case when dtype is passed
        wp = Panel(1, items=range(2), major_axis=range(3),
                   minor_axis=range(4),
                   dtype='float32')
        vals = np.empty((2, 3, 4), dtype='float32')
        vals.fill(1)

        tm.assert_panel_equal(wp, Panel(vals, dtype='float32'))

    def test_constructor_cast(self):
        zero_filled = self.panel.fillna(0)

        casted = Panel(zero_filled._data, dtype=int)
        casted2 = Panel(zero_filled.values, dtype=int)

        exp_values = zero_filled.values.astype(int)
        assert_almost_equal(casted.values, exp_values)
        assert_almost_equal(casted2.values, exp_values)

        casted = Panel(zero_filled._data, dtype=np.int32)
        casted2 = Panel(zero_filled.values, dtype=np.int32)

        exp_values = zero_filled.values.astype(np.int32)
        assert_almost_equal(casted.values, exp_values)
        assert_almost_equal(casted2.values, exp_values)

        # can't cast
        data = [[['foo', 'bar', 'baz']]]
        pytest.raises(ValueError, Panel, data, dtype=float)

    def test_constructor_empty_panel(self):
        empty = Panel()
        assert len(empty.items) == 0
        assert len(empty.major_axis) == 0
        assert len(empty.minor_axis) == 0

    def test_constructor_observe_dtype(self):
        # GH #411
        panel = Panel(items=lrange(3), major_axis=lrange(3),
                      minor_axis=lrange(3), dtype='O')
        assert panel.values.dtype == np.object_

    def test_constructor_dtypes(self):
        # GH #797

        def _check_dtype(panel, dtype):
            for i in panel.items:
                assert panel[i].values.dtype.name == dtype

        # only nan holding types allowed here
        for dtype in ['float64', 'float32', 'object']:
            panel = Panel(items=lrange(2), major_axis=lrange(10),
                          minor_axis=lrange(5), dtype=dtype)
            _check_dtype(panel, dtype)

        for dtype in ['float64', 'float32', 'int64', 'int32', 'object']:
            panel = Panel(np.array(np.random.randn(2, 10, 5), dtype=dtype),
                          items=lrange(2),
                          major_axis=lrange(10),
                          minor_axis=lrange(5), dtype=dtype)
            _check_dtype(panel, dtype)

        for dtype in ['float64', 'float32', 'int64', 'int32', 'object']:
            panel = Panel(np.array(np.random.randn(2, 10, 5), dtype='O'),
                          items=lrange(2),
                          major_axis=lrange(10),
                          minor_axis=lrange(5), dtype=dtype)
            _check_dtype(panel, dtype)

        for dtype in ['float64', 'float32', 'int64', 'int32', 'object']:
            panel = Panel(
                np.random.randn(2, 10, 5),
                items=lrange(2), major_axis=lrange(10),
                minor_axis=lrange(5),
                dtype=dtype)
            _check_dtype(panel, dtype)

        for dtype in ['float64', 'float32', 'int64', 'int32', 'object']:
            df1 = DataFrame(np.random.randn(2, 5),
                            index=lrange(2), columns=lrange(5))
            df2 = DataFrame(np.random.randn(2, 5),
                            index=lrange(2), columns=lrange(5))
            panel = Panel.from_dict({'a': df1, 'b': df2}, dtype=dtype)
            _check_dtype(panel, dtype)

    def test_constructor_fails_with_not_3d_input(self):
        msg = "The number of dimensions required is 3"
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
                Panel(np.random.randn(10, 2))

    def test_consolidate(self):
        assert self.panel._data.is_consolidated()

        self.panel['foo'] = 1.
        assert not self.panel._data.is_consolidated()

        panel = self.panel._consolidate()
        assert panel._data.is_consolidated()

    def test_ctor_dict(self):
        itema = self.panel['ItemA']
        itemb = self.panel['ItemB']

        d = {'A': itema, 'B': itemb[5:]}
        d2 = {'A': itema._series, 'B': itemb[5:]._series}
        d3 = {'A': None,
              'B': DataFrame(itemb[5:]._series),
              'C': DataFrame(itema._series)}

        wp = Panel.from_dict(d)
        wp2 = Panel.from_dict(d2)  # nested Dict

        # TODO: unused?
        wp3 = Panel.from_dict(d3)  # noqa

        tm.assert_index_equal(wp.major_axis, self.panel.major_axis)
        assert_panel_equal(wp, wp2)

        # intersect
        wp = Panel.from_dict(d, intersect=True)
        tm.assert_index_equal(wp.major_axis, itemb.index[5:])

        # use constructor
        assert_panel_equal(Panel(d), Panel.from_dict(d))
        assert_panel_equal(Panel(d2), Panel.from_dict(d2))
        assert_panel_equal(Panel(d3), Panel.from_dict(d3))

        # a pathological case
        d4 = {'A': None, 'B': None}

        # TODO: unused?
        wp4 = Panel.from_dict(d4)  # noqa

        assert_panel_equal(Panel(d4), Panel(items=['A', 'B']))

        # cast
        dcasted = {k: v.reindex(wp.major_axis).fillna(0)
                   for k, v in compat.iteritems(d)}
        result = Panel(dcasted, dtype=int)
        expected = Panel({k: v.astype(int)
                          for k, v in compat.iteritems(dcasted)})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = Panel(dcasted, dtype=np.int32)
        expected = Panel({k: v.astype(np.int32)
                          for k, v in compat.iteritems(dcasted)})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

    def test_constructor_dict_mixed(self):
        data = {k: v.values for k, v in self.panel.iteritems()}
        result = Panel(data)
        exp_major = Index(np.arange(len(self.panel.major_axis)))
        tm.assert_index_equal(result.major_axis, exp_major)

        result = Panel(data, items=self.panel.items,
                       major_axis=self.panel.major_axis,
                       minor_axis=self.panel.minor_axis)
        assert_panel_equal(result, self.panel)

        data['ItemC'] = self.panel['ItemC']
        result = Panel(data)
        assert_panel_equal(result, self.panel)

        # corner, blow up
        data['ItemB'] = data['ItemB'][:-1]
        pytest.raises(Exception, Panel, data)

        data['ItemB'] = self.panel['ItemB'].values[:, :-1]
        pytest.raises(Exception, Panel, data)

    def test_ctor_orderedDict(self):
        keys = list(set(np.random.randint(0, 5000, 100)))[
            :50]  # unique random int  keys
        d = OrderedDict([(k, mkdf(10, 5)) for k in keys])
        p = Panel(d)
        assert list(p.items) == keys

        p = Panel.from_dict(d)
        assert list(p.items) == keys

    def test_constructor_resize(self):
        data = self.panel._data
        items = self.panel.items[:-1]
        major = self.panel.major_axis[:-1]
        minor = self.panel.minor_axis[:-1]

        result = Panel(data, items=items,
                       major_axis=major, minor_axis=minor)
        expected = self.panel.reindex(
            items=items, major=major, minor=minor)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = Panel(data, items=items, major_axis=major)
        expected = self.panel.reindex(items=items, major=major)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = Panel(data, items=items)
        expected = self.panel.reindex(items=items)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = Panel(data, minor_axis=minor)
        expected = self.panel.reindex(minor=minor)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

    def test_from_dict_mixed_orient(self):
        df = tm.makeDataFrame()
        df['foo'] = 'bar'

        data = {'k1': df, 'k2': df}

        panel = Panel.from_dict(data, orient='minor')

        assert panel['foo'].values.dtype == np.object_
        assert panel['A'].values.dtype == np.float64

    def test_constructor_error_msgs(self):
        msg = (r"Shape of passed values is \(3, 4, 5\), "
               r"indices imply \(4, 5, 5\)")
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            Panel(np.random.randn(3, 4, 5),
                  lrange(4), lrange(5), lrange(5))

        msg = (r"Shape of passed values is \(3, 4, 5\), "
               r"indices imply \(5, 4, 5\)")
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            Panel(np.random.randn(3, 4, 5),
                  lrange(5), lrange(4), lrange(5))

        msg = (r"Shape of passed values is \(3, 4, 5\), "
               r"indices imply \(5, 5, 4\)")
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            Panel(np.random.randn(3, 4, 5),
                  lrange(5), lrange(5), lrange(4))

    def test_conform(self):
        df = self.panel['ItemA'][:-5].filter(items=['A', 'B'])
        conformed = self.panel.conform(df)

        tm.assert_index_equal(conformed.index, self.panel.major_axis)
        tm.assert_index_equal(conformed.columns, self.panel.minor_axis)

    def test_convert_objects(self):
        # GH 4937
        p = Panel(dict(A=dict(a=['1', '1.0'])))
        expected = Panel(dict(A=dict(a=[1, 1.0])))
        result = p._convert(numeric=True, coerce=True)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

    def test_dtypes(self):

        result = self.panel.dtypes
        expected = Series(np.dtype('float64'), index=self.panel.items)
        assert_series_equal(result, expected)

    def test_astype(self):
        # GH7271
        data = np.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]])
        panel = Panel(data, ['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd'], ['e', 'f'])

        str_data = np.array([[['1', '2'], ['3', '4']],
                             [['5', '6'], ['7', '8']]])
        expected = Panel(str_data, ['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd'], ['e', 'f'])
        assert_panel_equal(panel.astype(str), expected)

        pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, panel.astype, {0: str})

    def test_apply(self):
        # GH1148

        # ufunc
        applied = self.panel.apply(np.sqrt)
        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
            expected = np.sqrt(self.panel.values)
        assert_almost_equal(applied.values, expected)

        # ufunc same shape
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2, axis='items')
        expected = self.panel * 2
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2, axis='major_axis')
        expected = self.panel * 2
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2, axis='minor_axis')
        expected = self.panel * 2
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # reduction to DataFrame
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.dtype, axis='items')
        expected = DataFrame(np.dtype('float64'),
                             index=self.panel.major_axis,
                             columns=self.panel.minor_axis)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.dtype, axis='major_axis')
        expected = DataFrame(np.dtype('float64'),
                             index=self.panel.minor_axis,
                             columns=self.panel.items)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.dtype, axis='minor_axis')
        expected = DataFrame(np.dtype('float64'),
                             index=self.panel.major_axis,
                             columns=self.panel.items)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        # reductions via other dims
        expected = self.panel.sum(0)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.sum(), axis='items')
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
        expected = self.panel.sum(1)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.sum(), axis='major_axis')
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
        expected = self.panel.sum(2)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.sum(), axis='minor_axis')
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        # pass kwargs
        result = self.panel.apply(
            lambda x, y: x.sum() + y, axis='items', y=5)
        expected = self.panel.sum(0) + 5
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_apply_slabs(self):

        # same shape as original
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2,
                                  axis=['items', 'major_axis'])
        expected = (self.panel * 2).transpose('minor_axis', 'major_axis',
                                              'items')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2,
                                  axis=['major_axis', 'items'])
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2,
                                  axis=['items', 'minor_axis'])
        expected = (self.panel * 2).transpose('major_axis', 'minor_axis',
                                              'items')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2,
                                  axis=['minor_axis', 'items'])
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2,
                                  axis=['major_axis', 'minor_axis'])
        expected = self.panel * 2
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x * 2,
                                  axis=['minor_axis', 'major_axis'])
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # reductions
        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.sum(0), axis=[
            'items', 'major_axis'
        ])
        expected = self.panel.sum(1).T
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.apply(lambda x: x.sum(1), axis=[
            'items', 'major_axis'
        ])
        expected = self.panel.sum(0)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        # transforms
        f = lambda x: ((x.T - x.mean(1)) / x.std(1)).T

        # make sure that we don't trigger any warnings
        result = self.panel.apply(f, axis=['items', 'major_axis'])
        expected = Panel({ax: f(self.panel.loc[:, :, ax])
                          for ax in self.panel.minor_axis})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.apply(f, axis=['major_axis', 'minor_axis'])
        expected = Panel({ax: f(self.panel.loc[ax])
                          for ax in self.panel.items})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.apply(f, axis=['minor_axis', 'items'])
        expected = Panel({ax: f(self.panel.loc[:, ax])
                          for ax in self.panel.major_axis})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # with multi-indexes
        # GH7469
        index = MultiIndex.from_tuples([('one', 'a'), ('one', 'b'), (
            'two', 'a'), ('two', 'b')])
        dfa = DataFrame(np.array(np.arange(12, dtype='int64')).reshape(
            4, 3), columns=list("ABC"), index=index)
        dfb = DataFrame(np.array(np.arange(10, 22, dtype='int64')).reshape(
            4, 3), columns=list("ABC"), index=index)
        p = Panel({'f': dfa, 'g': dfb})
        result = p.apply(lambda x: x.sum(), axis=0)

        # on windows this will be in32
        result = result.astype('int64')
        expected = p.sum(0)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_apply_no_or_zero_ndim(self):
        # GH10332
        self.panel = Panel(np.random.rand(5, 5, 5))

        result_int = self.panel.apply(lambda df: 0, axis=[1, 2])
        result_float = self.panel.apply(lambda df: 0.0, axis=[1, 2])
        result_int64 = self.panel.apply(
            lambda df: np.int64(0), axis=[1, 2])
        result_float64 = self.panel.apply(lambda df: np.float64(0.0),
                                          axis=[1, 2])

        expected_int = expected_int64 = Series([0] * 5)
        expected_float = expected_float64 = Series([0.0] * 5)

        assert_series_equal(result_int, expected_int)
        assert_series_equal(result_int64, expected_int64)
        assert_series_equal(result_float, expected_float)
        assert_series_equal(result_float64, expected_float64)

    def test_reindex(self):
        ref = self.panel['ItemB']

        # items
        result = self.panel.reindex(items=['ItemA', 'ItemB'])
        assert_frame_equal(result['ItemB'], ref)

        # major
        new_major = list(self.panel.major_axis[:10])
        result = self.panel.reindex(major=new_major)
        assert_frame_equal(result['ItemB'], ref.reindex(index=new_major))

        # raise exception put both major and major_axis
        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.reindex,
                      major_axis=new_major,
                      major=new_major)

        # minor
        new_minor = list(self.panel.minor_axis[:2])
        result = self.panel.reindex(minor=new_minor)
        assert_frame_equal(result['ItemB'], ref.reindex(columns=new_minor))

        # raise exception put both major and major_axis
        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.reindex,
                      minor_axis=new_minor,
                      minor=new_minor)

        # this ok
        result = self.panel.reindex()
        assert_panel_equal(result, self.panel)
        assert result is not self.panel

        # with filling
        smaller_major = self.panel.major_axis[::5]
        smaller = self.panel.reindex(major=smaller_major)

        larger = smaller.reindex(major=self.panel.major_axis, method='pad')

        assert_frame_equal(larger.major_xs(self.panel.major_axis[1]),
                           smaller.major_xs(smaller_major[0]))

        # don't necessarily copy
        result = self.panel.reindex(
            major=self.panel.major_axis, copy=False)
        assert_panel_equal(result, self.panel)
        assert result is self.panel

    def test_reindex_axis_style(self):
        panel = Panel(np.random.rand(5, 5, 5))
        expected0 = Panel(panel.values).iloc[[0, 1]]
        expected1 = Panel(panel.values).iloc[:, [0, 1]]
        expected2 = Panel(panel.values).iloc[:, :, [0, 1]]

        result = panel.reindex([0, 1], axis=0)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected0)

        result = panel.reindex([0, 1], axis=1)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected1)

        result = panel.reindex([0, 1], axis=2)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected2)

        result = panel.reindex([0, 1], axis=2)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected2)

    def test_reindex_multi(self):

        # with and without copy full reindexing
        result = self.panel.reindex(
            items=self.panel.items,
            major=self.panel.major_axis,
            minor=self.panel.minor_axis, copy=False)

        assert result.items is self.panel.items
        assert result.major_axis is self.panel.major_axis
        assert result.minor_axis is self.panel.minor_axis

        result = self.panel.reindex(
            items=self.panel.items,
            major=self.panel.major_axis,
            minor=self.panel.minor_axis, copy=False)
        assert_panel_equal(result, self.panel)

        # multi-axis indexing consistency
        # GH 5900
        df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(4, 3))
        p = Panel({'Item1': df})
        expected = Panel({'Item1': df})
        expected['Item2'] = np.nan

        items = ['Item1', 'Item2']
        major_axis = np.arange(4)
        minor_axis = np.arange(3)

        results = []
        results.append(p.reindex(items=items, major_axis=major_axis,
                                 copy=True))
        results.append(p.reindex(items=items, major_axis=major_axis,
                                 copy=False))
        results.append(p.reindex(items=items, minor_axis=minor_axis,
                                 copy=True))
        results.append(p.reindex(items=items, minor_axis=minor_axis,
                                 copy=False))
        results.append(p.reindex(items=items, major_axis=major_axis,
                                 minor_axis=minor_axis, copy=True))
        results.append(p.reindex(items=items, major_axis=major_axis,
                                 minor_axis=minor_axis, copy=False))

        for i, r in enumerate(results):
            assert_panel_equal(expected, r)

    def test_reindex_like(self):
        # reindex_like
        smaller = self.panel.reindex(items=self.panel.items[:-1],
                                     major=self.panel.major_axis[:-1],
                                     minor=self.panel.minor_axis[:-1])
        smaller_like = self.panel.reindex_like(smaller)
        assert_panel_equal(smaller, smaller_like)

    def test_take(self):
        # axis == 0
        result = self.panel.take([2, 0, 1], axis=0)
        expected = self.panel.reindex(items=['ItemC', 'ItemA', 'ItemB'])
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # axis >= 1
        result = self.panel.take([3, 0, 1, 2], axis=2)
        expected = self.panel.reindex(minor=['D', 'A', 'B', 'C'])
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # neg indices ok
        expected = self.panel.reindex(minor=['D', 'D', 'B', 'C'])
        result = self.panel.take([3, -1, 1, 2], axis=2)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        pytest.raises(Exception, self.panel.take, [4, 0, 1, 2], axis=2)

    def test_sort_index(self):
        import random

        ritems = list(self.panel.items)
        rmajor = list(self.panel.major_axis)
        rminor = list(self.panel.minor_axis)
        random.shuffle(ritems)
        random.shuffle(rmajor)
        random.shuffle(rminor)

        random_order = self.panel.reindex(items=ritems)
        sorted_panel = random_order.sort_index(axis=0)
        assert_panel_equal(sorted_panel, self.panel)

        # descending
        random_order = self.panel.reindex(items=ritems)
        sorted_panel = random_order.sort_index(axis=0, ascending=False)
        assert_panel_equal(
            sorted_panel,
            self.panel.reindex(items=self.panel.items[::-1]))

        random_order = self.panel.reindex(major=rmajor)
        sorted_panel = random_order.sort_index(axis=1)
        assert_panel_equal(sorted_panel, self.panel)

        random_order = self.panel.reindex(minor=rminor)
        sorted_panel = random_order.sort_index(axis=2)
        assert_panel_equal(sorted_panel, self.panel)

    def test_fillna(self):
        filled = self.panel.fillna(0)
        assert np.isfinite(filled.values).all()

        filled = self.panel.fillna(method='backfill')
        assert_frame_equal(filled['ItemA'],
                           self.panel['ItemA'].fillna(method='backfill'))

        panel = self.panel.copy()
        panel['str'] = 'foo'

        filled = panel.fillna(method='backfill')
        assert_frame_equal(filled['ItemA'],
                           panel['ItemA'].fillna(method='backfill'))

        empty = self.panel.reindex(items=[])
        filled = empty.fillna(0)
        assert_panel_equal(filled, empty)

        pytest.raises(ValueError, self.panel.fillna)
        pytest.raises(ValueError, self.panel.fillna, 5, method='ffill')

        pytest.raises(TypeError, self.panel.fillna, [1, 2])
        pytest.raises(TypeError, self.panel.fillna, (1, 2))

        # limit not implemented when only value is specified
        p = Panel(np.random.randn(3, 4, 5))
        p.iloc[0:2, 0:2, 0:2] = np.nan
        pytest.raises(NotImplementedError,
                      lambda: p.fillna(999, limit=1))

        # Test in place fillNA
        # Expected result
        expected = Panel([[[0, 1], [2, 1]], [[10, 11], [12, 11]]],
                         items=['a', 'b'], minor_axis=['x', 'y'],
                         dtype=np.float64)
        # method='ffill'
        p1 = Panel([[[0, 1], [2, np.nan]], [[10, 11], [12, np.nan]]],
                   items=['a', 'b'], minor_axis=['x', 'y'],
                   dtype=np.float64)
        p1.fillna(method='ffill', inplace=True)
        assert_panel_equal(p1, expected)

        # method='bfill'
        p2 = Panel([[[0, np.nan], [2, 1]], [[10, np.nan], [12, 11]]],
                   items=['a', 'b'], minor_axis=['x', 'y'],
                   dtype=np.float64)
        p2.fillna(method='bfill', inplace=True)
        assert_panel_equal(p2, expected)

    def test_ffill_bfill(self):
        assert_panel_equal(self.panel.ffill(),
                           self.panel.fillna(method='ffill'))
        assert_panel_equal(self.panel.bfill(),
                           self.panel.fillna(method='bfill'))

    def test_truncate_fillna_bug(self):
        # #1823
        result = self.panel.truncate(before=None, after=None, axis='items')

        # it works!
        result.fillna(value=0.0)

    def test_swapaxes(self):
        result = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'minor')
        assert result.items is self.panel.minor_axis

        result = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'major')
        assert result.items is self.panel.major_axis

        result = self.panel.swapaxes('major', 'minor')
        assert result.major_axis is self.panel.minor_axis

        panel = self.panel.copy()
        result = panel.swapaxes('major', 'minor')
        panel.values[0, 0, 1] = np.nan
        expected = panel.swapaxes('major', 'minor')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # this should also work
        result = self.panel.swapaxes(0, 1)
        assert result.items is self.panel.major_axis

        # this works, but return a copy
        result = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'items')
        assert_panel_equal(self.panel, result)
        assert id(self.panel) != id(result)

    def test_transpose(self):
        result = self.panel.transpose('minor', 'major', 'items')
        expected = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'minor')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # test kwargs
        result = self.panel.transpose(items='minor', major='major',
                                      minor='items')
        expected = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'minor')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # text mixture of args
        result = self.panel.transpose(
            'minor', major='major', minor='items')
        expected = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'minor')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.transpose('minor',
                                      'major',
                                      minor='items')
        expected = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'minor')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # duplicate axes
        with pytest.raises(TypeError,
                           match='not enough/duplicate arguments'):
            self.panel.transpose('minor', maj='major', minor='items')

        with pytest.raises(ValueError,
                           match='repeated axis in transpose'):
            self.panel.transpose('minor', 'major', major='minor',
                                 minor='items')

        result = self.panel.transpose(2, 1, 0)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.transpose('minor', 'items', 'major')
        expected = self.panel.swapaxes('items', 'minor')
        expected = expected.swapaxes('major', 'minor')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        result = self.panel.transpose(2, 0, 1)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        pytest.raises(ValueError, self.panel.transpose, 0, 0, 1)

    def test_transpose_copy(self):
        panel = self.panel.copy()
        result = panel.transpose(2, 0, 1, copy=True)
        expected = panel.swapaxes('items', 'minor')
        expected = expected.swapaxes('major', 'minor')
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        panel.values[0, 1, 1] = np.nan
        assert notna(result.values[1, 0, 1])

    def test_to_frame(self):
        # filtered
        filtered = self.panel.to_frame()
        expected = self.panel.to_frame().dropna(how='any')
        assert_frame_equal(filtered, expected)

        # unfiltered
        unfiltered = self.panel.to_frame(filter_observations=False)
        assert_panel_equal(unfiltered.to_panel(), self.panel)

        # names
        assert unfiltered.index.names == ('major', 'minor')

        # unsorted, round trip
        df = self.panel.to_frame(filter_observations=False)
        unsorted = df.take(np.random.permutation(len(df)))
        pan = unsorted.to_panel()
        assert_panel_equal(pan, self.panel)

        # preserve original index names
        df = DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 2),
                       index=[['a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c'],
                              [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]],
                       columns=['one', 'two'])
        df.index.names = ['foo', 'bar']
        df.columns.name = 'baz'

        rdf = df.to_panel().to_frame()
        assert rdf.index.names == df.index.names
        assert rdf.columns.names == df.columns.names

    def test_to_frame_mixed(self):
        panel = self.panel.fillna(0)
        panel['str'] = 'foo'
        panel['bool'] = panel['ItemA'] > 0

        lp = panel.to_frame()
        wp = lp.to_panel()
        assert wp['bool'].values.dtype == np.bool_
        # Previously, this was mutating the underlying
        # index and changing its name
        assert_frame_equal(wp['bool'], panel['bool'], check_names=False)

        # GH 8704
        # with categorical
        df = panel.to_frame()
        df['category'] = df['str'].astype('category')

        # to_panel
        # TODO: this converts back to object
        p = df.to_panel()
        expected = panel.copy()
        expected['category'] = 'foo'
        assert_panel_equal(p, expected)

    def test_to_frame_multi_major(self):
        idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [(1, 'one'), (1, 'two'), (2, 'one'), (2, 'two')])
        df = DataFrame([[1, 'a', 1], [2, 'b', 1],
                        [3, 'c', 1], [4, 'd', 1]],
                       columns=['A', 'B', 'C'], index=idx)
        wp = Panel({'i1': df, 'i2': df})
        expected_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [
                (1, 'one', 'A'), (1, 'one', 'B'),
                (1, 'one', 'C'), (1, 'two', 'A'),
                (1, 'two', 'B'), (1, 'two', 'C'),
                (2, 'one', 'A'), (2, 'one', 'B'),
                (2, 'one', 'C'), (2, 'two', 'A'),
                (2, 'two', 'B'), (2, 'two', 'C')
            ],
            names=[None, None, 'minor'])
        expected = DataFrame({'i1': [1, 'a', 1, 2, 'b', 1, 3,
                                     'c', 1, 4, 'd', 1],
                              'i2': [1, 'a', 1, 2, 'b',
                                     1, 3, 'c', 1, 4, 'd', 1]},
                             index=expected_idx)
        result = wp.to_frame()
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        wp.iloc[0, 0].iloc[0] = np.nan  # BUG on setting. GH #5773
        result = wp.to_frame()
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected[1:])

        idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [(1, 'two'), (1, 'one'), (2, 'one'), (np.nan, 'two')])
        df = DataFrame([[1, 'a', 1], [2, 'b', 1],
                        [3, 'c', 1], [4, 'd', 1]],
                       columns=['A', 'B', 'C'], index=idx)
        wp = Panel({'i1': df, 'i2': df})
        ex_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 'two', 'A'), (1, 'two', 'B'),
                                         (1, 'two', 'C'),
                                         (1, 'one', 'A'),
                                         (1, 'one', 'B'),
                                         (1, 'one', 'C'),
                                         (2, 'one', 'A'),
                                         (2, 'one', 'B'),
                                         (2, 'one', 'C'),
                                         (np.nan, 'two', 'A'),
                                         (np.nan, 'two', 'B'),
                                         (np.nan, 'two', 'C')],
                                        names=[None, None, 'minor'])
        expected.index = ex_idx
        result = wp.to_frame()
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_to_frame_multi_major_minor(self):
        cols = MultiIndex(levels=[['C_A', 'C_B'], ['C_1', 'C_2']],
                          codes=[[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 1]])
        idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 'one'), (1, 'two'), (2, 'one'), (
            2, 'two'), (3, 'three'), (4, 'four')])
        df = DataFrame([[1, 2, 11, 12], [3, 4, 13, 14],
                        ['a', 'b', 'w', 'x'],
                        ['c', 'd', 'y', 'z'], [-1, -2, -3, -4],
                        [-5, -6, -7, -8]], columns=cols, index=idx)
        wp = Panel({'i1': df, 'i2': df})

        exp_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [(1, 'one', 'C_A', 'C_1'), (1, 'one', 'C_A', 'C_2'),
             (1, 'one', 'C_B', 'C_1'), (1, 'one', 'C_B', 'C_2'),
             (1, 'two', 'C_A', 'C_1'), (1, 'two', 'C_A', 'C_2'),
             (1, 'two', 'C_B', 'C_1'), (1, 'two', 'C_B', 'C_2'),
             (2, 'one', 'C_A', 'C_1'), (2, 'one', 'C_A', 'C_2'),
             (2, 'one', 'C_B', 'C_1'), (2, 'one', 'C_B', 'C_2'),
             (2, 'two', 'C_A', 'C_1'), (2, 'two', 'C_A', 'C_2'),
             (2, 'two', 'C_B', 'C_1'), (2, 'two', 'C_B', 'C_2'),
             (3, 'three', 'C_A', 'C_1'), (3, 'three', 'C_A', 'C_2'),
             (3, 'three', 'C_B', 'C_1'), (3, 'three', 'C_B', 'C_2'),
             (4, 'four', 'C_A', 'C_1'), (4, 'four', 'C_A', 'C_2'),
             (4, 'four', 'C_B', 'C_1'), (4, 'four', 'C_B', 'C_2')],
            names=[None, None, None, None])
        exp_val = [[1, 1], [2, 2], [11, 11], [12, 12],
                   [3, 3], [4, 4],
                   [13, 13], [14, 14], ['a', 'a'],
                   ['b', 'b'], ['w', 'w'],
                   ['x', 'x'], ['c', 'c'], ['d', 'd'], [
                       'y', 'y'], ['z', 'z'],
                   [-1, -1], [-2, -2], [-3, -3], [-4, -4],
                   [-5, -5], [-6, -6],
                   [-7, -7], [-8, -8]]
        result = wp.to_frame()
        expected = DataFrame(exp_val, columns=['i1', 'i2'], index=exp_idx)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_to_frame_multi_drop_level(self):
        idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 'one'), (2, 'one'), (2, 'two')])
        df = DataFrame({'A': [np.nan, 1, 2]}, index=idx)
        wp = Panel({'i1': df, 'i2': df})
        result = wp.to_frame()
        exp_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [(2, 'one', 'A'), (2, 'two', 'A')],
            names=[None, None, 'minor'])
        expected = DataFrame({'i1': [1., 2], 'i2': [1., 2]}, index=exp_idx)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_to_panel_na_handling(self):
        df = DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 10, size=20).reshape((10, 2)),
                       index=[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1],
                              [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5]])

        panel = df.to_panel()
        assert isna(panel[0].loc[1, [0, 1]]).all()

    def test_to_panel_duplicates(self):
        # #2441
        df = DataFrame({'a': [0, 0, 1], 'b': [1, 1, 1], 'c': [1, 2, 3]})
        idf = df.set_index(['a', 'b'])

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='non-uniquely indexed'):
            idf.to_panel()

    def test_panel_dups(self):

        # GH 4960
        # duplicates in an index

        # items
        data = np.random.randn(5, 100, 5)
        no_dup_panel = Panel(data, items=list("ABCDE"))
        panel = Panel(data, items=list("AACDE"))

        expected = no_dup_panel['A']
        result = panel.iloc[0]
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        expected = no_dup_panel['E']
        result = panel.loc['E']
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        expected = no_dup_panel.loc[['A', 'B']]
        expected.items = ['A', 'A']
        result = panel.loc['A']
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # major
        data = np.random.randn(5, 5, 5)
        no_dup_panel = Panel(data, major_axis=list("ABCDE"))
        panel = Panel(data, major_axis=list("AACDE"))

        expected = no_dup_panel.loc[:, 'A']
        result = panel.iloc[:, 0]
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        expected = no_dup_panel.loc[:, 'E']
        result = panel.loc[:, 'E']
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        expected = no_dup_panel.loc[:, ['A', 'B']]
        expected.major_axis = ['A', 'A']
        result = panel.loc[:, 'A']
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # minor
        data = np.random.randn(5, 100, 5)
        no_dup_panel = Panel(data, minor_axis=list("ABCDE"))
        panel = Panel(data, minor_axis=list("AACDE"))

        expected = no_dup_panel.loc[:, :, 'A']
        result = panel.iloc[:, :, 0]
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        expected = no_dup_panel.loc[:, :, 'E']
        result = panel.loc[:, :, 'E']
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        expected = no_dup_panel.loc[:, :, ['A', 'B']]
        expected.minor_axis = ['A', 'A']
        result = panel.loc[:, :, 'A']
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

    def test_filter(self):
        pass

    def test_compound(self):
        compounded = self.panel.compound()

        assert_series_equal(compounded['ItemA'],
                            (1 + self.panel['ItemA']).product(0) - 1,
                            check_names=False)

    def test_shift(self):
        # major
        idx = self.panel.major_axis[0]
        idx_lag = self.panel.major_axis[1]
        shifted = self.panel.shift(1)
        assert_frame_equal(self.panel.major_xs(idx),
                           shifted.major_xs(idx_lag))

        # minor
        idx = self.panel.minor_axis[0]
        idx_lag = self.panel.minor_axis[1]
        shifted = self.panel.shift(1, axis='minor')
        assert_frame_equal(self.panel.minor_xs(idx),
                           shifted.minor_xs(idx_lag))

        # items
        idx = self.panel.items[0]
        idx_lag = self.panel.items[1]
        shifted = self.panel.shift(1, axis='items')
        assert_frame_equal(self.panel[idx], shifted[idx_lag])

        # negative numbers, #2164
        result = self.panel.shift(-1)
        expected = Panel({i: f.shift(-1)[:-1]
                          for i, f in self.panel.iteritems()})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

        # mixed dtypes #6959
        data = [('item ' + ch, makeMixedDataFrame())
                for ch in list('abcde')]
        data = dict(data)
        mixed_panel = Panel.from_dict(data, orient='minor')
        shifted = mixed_panel.shift(1)
        assert_series_equal(mixed_panel.dtypes, shifted.dtypes)

    def test_tshift(self):
        # PeriodIndex
        ps = tm.makePeriodPanel()
        shifted = ps.tshift(1)
        unshifted = shifted.tshift(-1)

        assert_panel_equal(unshifted, ps)

        shifted2 = ps.tshift(freq='B')
        assert_panel_equal(shifted, shifted2)

        shifted3 = ps.tshift(freq=BDay())
        assert_panel_equal(shifted, shifted3)

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='does not match'):
            ps.tshift(freq='M')

        # DatetimeIndex
        panel = make_test_panel()
        shifted = panel.tshift(1)
        unshifted = shifted.tshift(-1)

        assert_panel_equal(panel, unshifted)

        shifted2 = panel.tshift(freq=panel.major_axis.freq)
        assert_panel_equal(shifted, shifted2)

        inferred_ts = Panel(panel.values, items=panel.items,
                            major_axis=Index(np.asarray(panel.major_axis)),
                            minor_axis=panel.minor_axis)
        shifted = inferred_ts.tshift(1)
        unshifted = shifted.tshift(-1)
        assert_panel_equal(shifted, panel.tshift(1))
        assert_panel_equal(unshifted, inferred_ts)

        no_freq = panel.iloc[:, [0, 5, 7], :]
        pytest.raises(ValueError, no_freq.tshift)

    def test_pct_change(self):
        df1 = DataFrame({'c1': [1, 2, 5], 'c2': [3, 4, 6]})
        df2 = df1 + 1
        df3 = DataFrame({'c1': [3, 4, 7], 'c2': [5, 6, 8]})
        wp = Panel({'i1': df1, 'i2': df2, 'i3': df3})
        # major, 1
        result = wp.pct_change()  # axis='major'
        expected = Panel({'i1': df1.pct_change(),
                          'i2': df2.pct_change(),
                          'i3': df3.pct_change()})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = wp.pct_change(axis=1)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        # major, 2
        result = wp.pct_change(periods=2)
        expected = Panel({'i1': df1.pct_change(2),
                          'i2': df2.pct_change(2),
                          'i3': df3.pct_change(2)})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        # minor, 1
        result = wp.pct_change(axis='minor')
        expected = Panel({'i1': df1.pct_change(axis=1),
                          'i2': df2.pct_change(axis=1),
                          'i3': df3.pct_change(axis=1)})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = wp.pct_change(axis=2)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        # minor, 2
        result = wp.pct_change(periods=2, axis='minor')
        expected = Panel({'i1': df1.pct_change(periods=2, axis=1),
                          'i2': df2.pct_change(periods=2, axis=1),
                          'i3': df3.pct_change(periods=2, axis=1)})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        # items, 1
        result = wp.pct_change(axis='items')
        expected = Panel(
            {'i1': DataFrame({'c1': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan],
                              'c2': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]}),
             'i2': DataFrame({'c1': [1, 0.5, .2],
                              'c2': [1. / 3, 0.25, 1. / 6]}),
             'i3': DataFrame({'c1': [.5, 1. / 3, 1. / 6],
                              'c2': [.25, .2, 1. / 7]})})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        result = wp.pct_change(axis=0)
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)
        # items, 2
        result = wp.pct_change(periods=2, axis='items')
        expected = Panel(
            {'i1': DataFrame({'c1': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan],
                              'c2': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]}),
             'i2': DataFrame({'c1': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan],
                              'c2': [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]}),
             'i3': DataFrame({'c1': [2, 1, .4],
                              'c2': [2. / 3, .5, 1. / 3]})})
        assert_panel_equal(result, expected)

    def test_round(self):
        values = [[[-3.2, 2.2], [0, -4.8213], [3.123, 123.12],
                   [-1566.213, 88.88], [-12, 94.5]],
                  [[-5.82, 3.5], [6.21, -73.272], [-9.087, 23.12],
                   [272.212, -99.99], [23, -76.5]]]
        evalues = [[[float(np.around(i)) for i in j] for j in k]
                   for k in values]
        p = Panel(values, items=['Item1', 'Item2'],
                  major_axis=date_range('1/1/2000', periods=5),
                  minor_axis=['A', 'B'])
        expected = Panel(evalues, items=['Item1', 'Item2'],
                         major_axis=date_range('1/1/2000', periods=5),
                         minor_axis=['A', 'B'])
        result = p.round()
        assert_panel_equal(expected, result)

    def test_numpy_round(self):
        values = [[[-3.2, 2.2], [0, -4.8213], [3.123, 123.12],
                   [-1566.213, 88.88], [-12, 94.5]],
                  [[-5.82, 3.5], [6.21, -73.272], [-9.087, 23.12],
                   [272.212, -99.99], [23, -76.5]]]
        evalues = [[[float(np.around(i)) for i in j] for j in k]
                   for k in values]
        p = Panel(values, items=['Item1', 'Item2'],
                  major_axis=date_range('1/1/2000', periods=5),
                  minor_axis=['A', 'B'])
        expected = Panel(evalues, items=['Item1', 'Item2'],
                         major_axis=date_range('1/1/2000', periods=5),
                         minor_axis=['A', 'B'])
        result = np.round(p)
        assert_panel_equal(expected, result)

        msg = "the 'out' parameter is not supported"
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
            np.round(p, out=p)

    # removing Panel before NumPy enforces, so just ignore
    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Using a non-tuple:FutureWarning")
    def test_multiindex_get(self):
        ind = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
            [('a', 1), ('a', 2), ('b', 1), ('b', 2)],
            names=['first', 'second'])
        wp = Panel(np.random.random((4, 5, 5)),
                   items=ind,
                   major_axis=np.arange(5),
                   minor_axis=np.arange(5))
        f1 = wp['a']
        f2 = wp.loc['a']
        assert_panel_equal(f1, f2)

        assert (f1.items == [1, 2]).all()
        assert (f2.items == [1, 2]).all()

        MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 1), ('a', 2), ('b', 1)],
                               names=['first', 'second'])

    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Using a non-tuple:FutureWarning")
    def test_multiindex_blocks(self):
        ind = MultiIndex.from_tuples([('a', 1), ('a', 2), ('b', 1)],
                                     names=['first', 'second'])
        wp = Panel(self.panel._data)
        wp.items = ind
        f1 = wp['a']
        assert (f1.items == [1, 2]).all()

        f1 = wp[('b', 1)]
        assert (f1.columns == ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']).all()

    def test_repr_empty(self):
        empty = Panel()
        repr(empty)

    # ignore warning from us, because removing panel
    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:Using:FutureWarning")
    def test_rename(self):
        mapper = {'ItemA': 'foo', 'ItemB': 'bar', 'ItemC': 'baz'}

        renamed = self.panel.rename(items=mapper)
        exp = Index(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
        tm.assert_index_equal(renamed.items, exp)

        renamed = self.panel.rename(minor_axis=str.lower)
        exp = Index(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
        tm.assert_index_equal(renamed.minor_axis, exp)

        # don't copy
        renamed_nocopy = self.panel.rename(items=mapper, copy=False)
        renamed_nocopy['foo'] = 3.
        assert (self.panel['ItemA'].values == 3).all()

    def test_get_attr(self):
        assert_frame_equal(self.panel['ItemA'], self.panel.ItemA)

        # specific cases from #3440
        self.panel['a'] = self.panel['ItemA']
        assert_frame_equal(self.panel['a'], self.panel.a)
        self.panel['i'] = self.panel['ItemA']
        assert_frame_equal(self.panel['i'], self.panel.i)

    def test_from_frame_level1_unsorted(self):
        tuples = [('MSFT', 3), ('MSFT', 2), ('AAPL', 2), ('AAPL', 1),
                  ('MSFT', 1)]
        midx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
        df = DataFrame(np.random.rand(5, 4), index=midx)
        p = df.to_panel()
        assert_frame_equal(p.minor_xs(2), df.xs(2, level=1).sort_index())

    def test_to_excel(self):
        try:
            import xlwt  # noqa
            import xlrd  # noqa
            import openpyxl  # noqa
            from pandas.io.excel import ExcelFile
        except ImportError:
            pytest.skip("need xlwt xlrd openpyxl")

        for ext in ['xls', 'xlsx']:
            with ensure_clean('__tmp__.' + ext) as path:
                self.panel.to_excel(path)
                try:
                    reader = ExcelFile(path)
                except ImportError:
                    pytest.skip("need xlwt xlrd openpyxl")

                for item, df in self.panel.iteritems():
                    recdf = reader.parse(str(item), index_col=0)
                    assert_frame_equal(df, recdf)

    def test_to_excel_xlsxwriter(self):
        try:
            import xlrd  # noqa
            import xlsxwriter  # noqa
            from pandas.io.excel import ExcelFile
        except ImportError:
            pytest.skip("Requires xlrd and xlsxwriter. Skipping test.")

        with ensure_clean('__tmp__.xlsx') as path:
            self.panel.to_excel(path, engine='xlsxwriter')
            try:
                reader = ExcelFile(path)
            except ImportError as e:
                pytest.skip("cannot write excel file: %s" % e)

            for item, df in self.panel.iteritems():
                recdf = reader.parse(str(item), index_col=0)
                assert_frame_equal(df, recdf)

    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:'.reindex:FutureWarning")
    def test_dropna(self):
        p = Panel(np.random.randn(4, 5, 6), major_axis=list('abcde'))
        p.loc[:, ['b', 'd'], 0] = np.nan

        result = p.dropna(axis=1)
        exp = p.loc[:, ['a', 'c', 'e'], :]
        assert_panel_equal(result, exp)
        inp = p.copy()
        inp.dropna(axis=1, inplace=True)
        assert_panel_equal(inp, exp)

        result = p.dropna(axis=1, how='all')
        assert_panel_equal(result, p)

        p.loc[:, ['b', 'd'], :] = np.nan
        result = p.dropna(axis=1, how='all')
        exp = p.loc[:, ['a', 'c', 'e'], :]
        assert_panel_equal(result, exp)

        p = Panel(np.random.randn(4, 5, 6), items=list('abcd'))
        p.loc[['b'], :, 0] = np.nan

        result = p.dropna()
        exp = p.loc[['a', 'c', 'd']]
        assert_panel_equal(result, exp)

        result = p.dropna(how='all')
        assert_panel_equal(result, p)

        p.loc['b'] = np.nan
        result = p.dropna(how='all')
        exp = p.loc[['a', 'c', 'd']]
        assert_panel_equal(result, exp)

    def test_drop(self):
        df = DataFrame({"A": [1, 2], "B": [3, 4]})
        panel = Panel({"One": df, "Two": df})

        def check_drop(drop_val, axis_number, aliases, expected):
            try:
                actual = panel.drop(drop_val, axis=axis_number)
                assert_panel_equal(actual, expected)
                for alias in aliases:
                    actual = panel.drop(drop_val, axis=alias)
                    assert_panel_equal(actual, expected)
            except AssertionError:
                pprint_thing("Failed with axis_number %d and aliases: %s" %
                             (axis_number, aliases))
                raise
        # Items
        expected = Panel({"One": df})
        check_drop('Two', 0, ['items'], expected)

        pytest.raises(KeyError, panel.drop, 'Three')

        # errors = 'ignore'
        dropped = panel.drop('Three', errors='ignore')
        assert_panel_equal(dropped, panel)
        dropped = panel.drop(['Two', 'Three'], errors='ignore')
        expected = Panel({"One": df})
        assert_panel_equal(dropped, expected)

        # Major
        exp_df = DataFrame({"A": [2], "B": [4]}, index=[1])
        expected = Panel({"One": exp_df, "Two": exp_df})
        check_drop(0, 1, ['major_axis', 'major'], expected)

        exp_df = DataFrame({"A": [1], "B": [3]}, index=[0])
        expected = Panel({"One": exp_df, "Two": exp_df})
        check_drop([1], 1, ['major_axis', 'major'], expected)

        # Minor
        exp_df = df[['B']]
        expected = Panel({"One": exp_df, "Two": exp_df})
        check_drop(["A"], 2, ['minor_axis', 'minor'], expected)

        exp_df = df[['A']]
        expected = Panel({"One": exp_df, "Two": exp_df})
        check_drop("B", 2, ['minor_axis', 'minor'], expected)

    def test_update(self):
        pan = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]],
                     [[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])

        other = Panel(
            [[[3.6, 2., np.nan], [np.nan, np.nan, 7]]], items=[1])

        pan.update(other)

        expected = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.]],
                          [[3.6, 2., 3], [1.5, np.nan, 7],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])

        assert_panel_equal(pan, expected)

    def test_update_from_dict(self):
        pan = Panel({'one': DataFrame([[1.5, np.nan, 3],
                                       [1.5, np.nan, 3],
                                       [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                                       [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]),
                     'two': DataFrame([[1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                                       [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                                       [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                                       [1.5, np.nan, 3.]])})

        other = {'two': DataFrame(
            [[3.6, 2., np.nan], [np.nan, np.nan, 7]])}

        pan.update(other)

        expected = Panel(
            {'one': DataFrame([[1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                               [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                               [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                               [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]),
             'two': DataFrame([[3.6, 2., 3],
                              [1.5, np.nan, 7],
                              [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                              [1.5, np.nan, 3.]])
             }
        )

        assert_panel_equal(pan, expected)

    def test_update_nooverwrite(self):
        pan = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]],
                     [[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])

        other = Panel(
            [[[3.6, 2., np.nan], [np.nan, np.nan, 7]]], items=[1])

        pan.update(other, overwrite=False)

        expected = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3], [1.5, np.nan, 3],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.]],
                          [[1.5, 2., 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])

        assert_panel_equal(pan, expected)

    def test_update_filtered(self):
        pan = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]],
                     [[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])

        other = Panel(
            [[[3.6, 2., np.nan], [np.nan, np.nan, 7]]], items=[1])

        pan.update(other, filter_func=lambda x: x > 2)

        expected = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.]],
                          [[1.5, np.nan, 3], [1.5, np.nan, 7],
                           [1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])

        assert_panel_equal(pan, expected)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('bad_kwarg, exception, msg', [
        # errors must be 'ignore' or 'raise'
        ({'errors': 'something'}, ValueError, 'The parameter errors must.*'),
        ({'join': 'inner'}, NotImplementedError, 'Only left join is supported')
    ])
    def test_update_raise_bad_parameter(self, bad_kwarg, exception, msg):
        pan = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])
        with pytest.raises(exception, match=msg):
            pan.update(pan, **bad_kwarg)

    def test_update_raise_on_overlap(self):
        pan = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]],
                     [[1.5, np.nan, 3.], [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.],
                      [1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='Data overlaps'):
            pan.update(pan, errors='raise')

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('raise_conflict', [True, False])
    def test_update_deprecation(self, raise_conflict):
        pan = Panel([[[1.5, np.nan, 3.]]])
        other = Panel([[[]]])
        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning):
            pan.update(other, raise_conflict=raise_conflict)

    def test_all_any(self):
        assert (self.panel.all(axis=0).values == nanall(
            self.panel, axis=0)).all()
        assert (self.panel.all(axis=1).values == nanall(
            self.panel, axis=1).T).all()
        assert (self.panel.all(axis=2).values == nanall(
            self.panel, axis=2).T).all()
        assert (self.panel.any(axis=0).values == nanany(
            self.panel, axis=0)).all()
        assert (self.panel.any(axis=1).values == nanany(
            self.panel, axis=1).T).all()
        assert (self.panel.any(axis=2).values == nanany(
            self.panel, axis=2).T).all()

    def test_all_any_unhandled(self):
        pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, self.panel.all, bool_only=True)
        pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, self.panel.any, bool_only=True)

    # GH issue 15960
    def test_sort_values(self):
        pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, self.panel.sort_values)
        pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, self.panel.sort_values, 'ItemA')


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:\\nPanel:FutureWarning")
class TestPanelFrame(object):
    """
    Check that conversions to and from Panel to DataFrame work.
    """

    def setup_method(self, method):
        panel = make_test_panel()
        self.panel = panel.to_frame()
        self.unfiltered_panel = panel.to_frame(filter_observations=False)

    def test_ops_differently_indexed(self):
        # trying to set non-identically indexed panel
        wp = self.panel.to_panel()
        wp2 = wp.reindex(major=wp.major_axis[:-1])
        lp2 = wp2.to_frame()

        result = self.panel + lp2
        assert_frame_equal(result.reindex(lp2.index), lp2 * 2)

        # careful, mutation
        self.panel['foo'] = lp2['ItemA']
        assert_series_equal(self.panel['foo'].reindex(lp2.index),
                            lp2['ItemA'],
                            check_names=False)

    def test_ops_scalar(self):
        result = self.panel.mul(2)
        expected = DataFrame.__mul__(self.panel, 2)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_combineFrame(self):
        wp = self.panel.to_panel()
        result = self.panel.add(wp['ItemA'].stack(), axis=0)
        assert_frame_equal(result.to_panel()['ItemA'], wp['ItemA'] * 2)

    def test_combinePanel(self):
        wp = self.panel.to_panel()
        result = self.panel.add(self.panel)
        wide_result = result.to_panel()
        assert_frame_equal(wp['ItemA'] * 2, wide_result['ItemA'])

        # one item
        result = self.panel.add(self.panel.filter(['ItemA']))

    def test_combine_scalar(self):
        result = self.panel.mul(2)
        expected = DataFrame(self.panel._data) * 2
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_combine_series(self):
        s = self.panel['ItemA'][:10]
        result = self.panel.add(s, axis=0)
        expected = DataFrame.add(self.panel, s, axis=0)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

        s = self.panel.iloc[5]
        result = self.panel + s
        expected = DataFrame.add(self.panel, s, axis=1)
        assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

    def test_operators(self):
        wp = self.panel.to_panel()
        result = (self.panel + 1).to_panel()
        assert_frame_equal(wp['ItemA'] + 1, result['ItemA'])

    def test_arith_flex_panel(self):
        ops = ['add', 'sub', 'mul', 'div',
               'truediv', 'pow', 'floordiv', 'mod']
        if not compat.PY3:
            aliases = {}
        else:
            aliases = {'div': 'truediv'}
        self.panel = self.panel.to_panel()

        for n in [np.random.randint(-50, -1), np.random.randint(1, 50), 0]:
            for op in ops:
                alias = aliases.get(op, op)
                f = getattr(operator, alias)
                exp = f(self.panel, n)
                result = getattr(self.panel, op)(n)
                assert_panel_equal(result, exp, check_panel_type=True)

                # rops
                r_f = lambda x, y: f(y, x)
                exp = r_f(self.panel, n)
                result = getattr(self.panel, 'r' + op)(n)
                assert_panel_equal(result, exp)

    def test_sort(self):
        def is_sorted(arr):
            return (arr[1:] > arr[:-1]).any()

        sorted_minor = self.panel.sort_index(level=1)
        assert is_sorted(sorted_minor.index.codes[1])

        sorted_major = sorted_minor.sort_index(level=0)
        assert is_sorted(sorted_major.index.codes[0])

    def test_to_string(self):
        buf = StringIO()
        self.panel.to_string(buf)

    def test_to_sparse(self):
        if isinstance(self.panel, Panel):
            msg = 'sparsifying is not supported'
            with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
                self.panel.to_sparse

    def test_truncate(self):
        dates = self.panel.index.levels[0]
        start, end = dates[1], dates[5]

        trunced = self.panel.truncate(start, end).to_panel()
        expected = self.panel.to_panel()['ItemA'].truncate(start, end)

        # TODO truncate drops index.names
        assert_frame_equal(trunced['ItemA'], expected, check_names=False)

        trunced = self.panel.truncate(before=start).to_panel()
        expected = self.panel.to_panel()['ItemA'].truncate(before=start)

        # TODO truncate drops index.names
        assert_frame_equal(trunced['ItemA'], expected, check_names=False)

        trunced = self.panel.truncate(after=end).to_panel()
        expected = self.panel.to_panel()['ItemA'].truncate(after=end)

        # TODO truncate drops index.names
        assert_frame_equal(trunced['ItemA'], expected, check_names=False)

        # truncate on dates that aren't in there
        wp = self.panel.to_panel()
        new_index = wp.major_axis[::5]

        wp2 = wp.reindex(major=new_index)

        lp2 = wp2.to_frame()
        lp_trunc = lp2.truncate(wp.major_axis[2], wp.major_axis[-2])

        wp_trunc = wp2.truncate(wp.major_axis[2], wp.major_axis[-2])

        assert_panel_equal(wp_trunc, lp_trunc.to_panel())

        # throw proper exception
        pytest.raises(Exception, lp2.truncate, wp.major_axis[-2],
                      wp.major_axis[2])

    def test_axis_dummies(self):
        from pandas.core.reshape.reshape import make_axis_dummies

        minor_dummies = make_axis_dummies(self.panel, 'minor').astype(np.uint8)
        assert len(minor_dummies.columns) == len(self.panel.index.levels[1])

        major_dummies = make_axis_dummies(self.panel, 'major').astype(np.uint8)
        assert len(major_dummies.columns) == len(self.panel.index.levels[0])

        mapping = {'A': 'one', 'B': 'one', 'C': 'two', 'D': 'two'}

        transformed = make_axis_dummies(self.panel, 'minor',
                                        transform=mapping.get).astype(np.uint8)
        assert len(transformed.columns) == 2
        tm.assert_index_equal(transformed.columns, Index(['one', 'two']))

        # TODO: test correctness

    def test_get_dummies(self):
        from pandas.core.reshape.reshape import get_dummies, make_axis_dummies

        self.panel['Label'] = self.panel.index.codes[1]
        minor_dummies = make_axis_dummies(self.panel, 'minor').astype(np.uint8)
        dummies = get_dummies(self.panel['Label'])
        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(dummies.values, minor_dummies.values)

    def test_mean(self):
        means = self.panel.mean(level='minor')

        # test versus Panel version
        wide_means = self.panel.to_panel().mean('major')
        assert_frame_equal(means, wide_means)

    def test_sum(self):
        sums = self.panel.sum(level='minor')

        # test versus Panel version
        wide_sums = self.panel.to_panel().sum('major')
        assert_frame_equal(sums, wide_sums)

    def test_count(self):
        index = self.panel.index

        major_count = self.panel.count(level=0)['ItemA']
        level_codes = index.codes[0]
        for i, idx in enumerate(index.levels[0]):
            assert major_count[i] == (level_codes == i).sum()

        minor_count = self.panel.count(level=1)['ItemA']
        level_codes = index.codes[1]
        for i, idx in enumerate(index.levels[1]):
            assert minor_count[i] == (level_codes == i).sum()

    def test_join(self):
        lp1 = self.panel.filter(['ItemA', 'ItemB'])
        lp2 = self.panel.filter(['ItemC'])

        joined = lp1.join(lp2)

        assert len(joined.columns) == 3

        pytest.raises(Exception, lp1.join,
                      self.panel.filter(['ItemB', 'ItemC']))


def test_panel_index():
    index = panelm.panel_index([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3])
    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([np.tile([1, 2, 3, 4], 3),
                                       np.repeat([1, 2, 3], 4)],
                                      names=['time', 'panel'])
    tm.assert_index_equal(index, expected)


@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:\\nPanel:FutureWarning")
def test_panel_np_all():
    wp = Panel({"A": DataFrame({'b': [1, 2]})})
    result = np.all(wp)
    assert result == np.bool_(True)